Phylogenetic relationships among eutherian orders estimated from inferred sequences of mitochondrial proteins: Instability of a tree based on a single gene

The phylogenetic relationships among Primates (human), Artiodactyla (cow), Cetacea (whale), Carnivora (seal), and Rodentia (mouse and rat) were estimated from the inferred amino acid sequences of the mitochondrial genomes using Marsupialia (opossum), Aves (chicken), and Amphibia (Xenopus) as an outgroup. The overall evidence of the maximum likelihood analysis suggests that Rodentia is an outgroup to the other four eutherian orders and that Cetacea and Artiodactyla form a clade with Carnivora as a sister taxon irrespective of the assumed model for amino acid substitutions. Although there remains an uncertainty concerning the relation among Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Carnivora, the existence of a clade formed by these three orders and the outgroup status of Rodentia to the other eutherian orders seems to be firmly established. However, analyses of individual genes do not necessarily conform to this conclusion, and some of the genes reject the putatively correct tree with nearly 5% significance. Although this discrepancy can be due to convergent or parallel evolution in the specific genes, it was pointed out that, even without a particular reason, such a discrepancy can occur in 5% of the cases if the branching among the orders in question occurred within a short period. Due to uncertainty about the assumed model underlying the phylogenetic inference, this can occur even more frequently. This demonstrates the importance of analyzing enough sequences to avoid the danger of concluding an erroneous tree.     

转译优化对EPO基因在COS7细胞中表达的影响

利用ＣＯＳ７细胞暂时表达系统,研究转译起始序列对ＥＰＯ－ｃＤＮＡ表达的影响。通过ＤＮＡ重组技术,构建了原ＥＰＯ－ｃＤＮＡ表达载体ｐＣＳＶ－ＥＰＯ（１）,其转译起始序列为５＇ＡＡＴＴＣＡＴＧＧ３＇。同时通过定点突变技术,将起始序列改变成５＇ＣＣＡＣＣＡＴＧＧ３＇,而构建了另一表达载体ＰＣＳＶ－ＥＰＯ（２）。后经序列分析证明无误后和前均通过ＤＥＡＥ－ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ法转染ＣＯＳ７细胞上清,测定结果为     

广东种子植物区系地理成分研究

广东种子植物区系共有２１９科１４３４属４９８６种。其中：①热带区系成分占有较大的比例,约占非世界属的６２．３％,表明广东区系受到热带区系的强烈渗透,次之为亚热带（至亚热带山地）成分约占３２．２％,及中国特有分布占５．６％;②以单型属（７２属）,单种属（５８５属）和寡种属（５６２属）占绝对优势,共占８５．０％,充分显示了广东区系的古老性和过渡性特点;③从区系组成和植被结构的特征成分来看,以华夏植物区系成分为主,包括：亚热带分布,亚热带山地分布,中国特有分布,东亚—北美间断分布,及一些亚洲热带分布中以亚热带为主的属：④在这些属中有东亚特有属１３２属,中国特有属７５属以及华南—西南—中南半岛特有属６８属等;这些属的存在毫无疑问地说明,广东区系是华夏植物区系的核心地区之一,同时也显示了热带区系与亚热带区系有着不可分隔的统一性。     

Y418C: a novel mutation in exon 9 of the glucocerebrosidase gene of a patient with Gaucher disease creates a new Bgl I site

We report a novel mutation in exon 9 of the glucocerebrosidase gene of a patient with Gaucher disease and of Sardinian origin.     

The use of PCR to monitor the population abundance of six human intestinal bacterial species in an in vitro semicontinuous culture system

Abstract Six PCR primer sets complementary to the 16S rDNAs (rRNA genes) were developed and shown to be specific for the following anaerobic bacteria: Clostridium clostridiiforme, C. perfringens, C. leptum, Bacteroides vulgatus, B. distasonis , and B. thetaiotaomicron , respectively. These primers were used for PCR to detect and monitor the bacteria in a semicontinuous culture system designed to mimic intestinal microflora in the human gastrointestinal tract. Except for C. perfringens , the five species of Bacteroides and Clostridia present in the in vitro culture system were detected by the PCR, and the titers varied from 10⁻² to 10⁻⁶ dilutions. The role of azo dye reduction by these bacterial species in the system was examined and discussed.     

Construction of Mutant Genes for a Non-Toxic Verotoxin 2 Variant (VT2vp1) of Escherichia coli and Characterization of Purified Mutant Toxins

The gene encoding a Verotoxin 2 variant, VTvp1, was mutated by oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis. Among 6 mutant toxins encoded by the mutated genes, E167Q-R170L (glutamic acid at position 167 and arginine at position 170 from N-terminus of the A subunit were replaced by glutamine and leucine, respectively) was found to have markedly decreased activities; inhibition of protein synthesis, Vero cell cytotoxicity and mouse lethality of the purified E167Q-R170L were 1/1,900, 1/125,000 and 1/2,000, respectively, of those of the purified wild-type VT2vp1. Since the antigenic property of the E167Q-R170L was demonstrated to be similar to that of the wild-type VT2vp1 by Ouchterlony double gel diffusion test and by neutralization test of Vero cell cytotoxicity of the VT2vp1, a possibility to use the mutant VT2vp1, E167Q-R170L, as a toxoid is discussed.     

三褶脉紫菀中的新二萜甙

三褶脉紫菀（ＡｓｔｅｒａｇｅｒａｔｏｉｄｅｓＴｕｒｃｚ．）系菊科多年生草本植物,遍布全国,是民间常用的中药,有清热解毒、祛痰镇咳的功效［１,２］。化学工作者们曾从其同属植物紫菀（ＡｓｔｅｒｔａｒａｒｉｃｕｓＬ．ｆ．）中分离到紫菀酮（ｓｈｉｏｎｏｎｅ）、槲皮素（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ）、无羁萜（ｆｒｉｅｄｅｌｉｎ）、表无羁萜（ｅｐｉｆｒｉｅｄｅｌｉｎｅｌ）、毛叶醇（ｌａｃｈｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｌ）、乙酸毛叶酯（ｌａｃｈｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｌａｃｅｔａｔｅ）、茴香醚（ａｎｅｔｈｏｌｅ）以及紫菀三萜皂甙［２—４］…     

葡萄属营养器官的比较解剖学及其系统学意义

本文对国产葡萄属24个种、6个变种和4个美洲种进行了比较解剖学研究。比较观察了茎、节、 叶柄、叶片的维管系统、厚角组织、厚壁组织、毛状体、后含物、叶表皮角质等解剖学特征。并讨论了它们在系统学上的意义。     

Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: no support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences

Graur et al.'s (1991) hypothesis that the guinea pig-like rodents have an evolutionary origin within mammals that is separate from that of other rodents (the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis) was reexamined by the maximum-likelihood method for protein phylogeny, as well as by the maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. The overall evidence does not support Graur et al.'s hypothesis, which radically contradicts the traditional view of rodent monophyly. This work demonstrates that we must be careful in choosing a proper method for phylogenetic inference and that an argument based on a small data set (with respect to the length of the sequence and especially the number of species) may be unstable.      

葡萄试管苗热处理结合茎尖培养脱病毒效果的研究

对７个生食葡萄品种的试管苗热处理结合茎尖剥离培养脱除病毒的方法做了研究,结果表明,从热处理试管苗剥离的茎尖培养成活率为６１．２％,其中有１８．１％的成苗。各品种热处理试管苗剥离的茎尖分化再生能力不同：先形成愈伤组织的成苗率较低,而先分化芽的茎尖成苗率较高。这一方法对扇叶病毒和卷叶病毒的脱除率达９２％以上。